Research

Electric circuit ionization with laser beam

Research advancements using lasers push previous boundaries and reveal innovation opportunities in physics, chemistry, biology, aerospace, laser science, additive manufacturing, medical treatments and beyond. A few examples:

EUV Research: Extreme ultraviolet laser beam research makes more precise semiconductor features increasingly manufacturable.
Fusion Research: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory advances fusion research aiming multiple lasers at a target to initiate fusion.
High Power Laser Research: opening up greater opportunity in the field of additive manufacturing, for example.

Research collaboration, such as on the above topics, invite companies, universities, government and non-government organizations to partner together and make such innovations operational with far-reaching outcomes.

To support effective beam performance on such research projects, regular beam profiling is recommended. Important beam parameters listed below.

Research – Laser Use Examples

Categorized by Electromagnetic Spectrum Region

UV	✓ Lithography and semiconductor research using Deep UV (DUV) and EUV ✓ Laser initiated fusion research ✓ Ablation with excimer, pulsed (~10 - 500 W)
Visible	✓ Nonlinear optics ✓ Spectroscopy and medical imaging using OPO/OPA (Optical Parametric Oscillator / Amplifier)
Near Infrared (NIR)	✓ Ultrafast micromachining ✓ Micromachining with DPSS Ti:Sapphire (~0.1 - 10 W avg)
Infrared (SWIR / MIR / IR)	✓ Spectroscopy, Quantum Mechanics ✓ Microprocessing with continuous wave

Research – Important Beam Parameters

Intensity Irradiance Fluence Continuous & Pulsed	Adequate beam intensity distribution means sufficient energy transfer to the material. Improper irradiance or fluence could mean challenges such as damage, incomplete processes, compromised material structure and compromised data. Regular beam profiling can help minimize these challenges. The 2D beam profile to the left shows a Gaussian beam intensity profile where the intensity is greatest at the center, white, and decreases moving outward toward the outer circumference, blue. Profiles like this give relative information about the intensity distribution. For other beam shape profiles used in research, see beam shape, below. The power applied at the beam waist divided by the spot size also gives information about the power intensity (for continuous beams). Common laser power levels used in research varies greatly considering the many laser processes used. Note — For a continuous beam, the terms intensity, irradiance or power density are used: power divided by area, W/cm². For a pulsed beam, the term fluence or energy density are used: energy divided by area, J/cm². A pulse, repeating at the pulse frequency, will have peak irradiance and maximum pulse energy values reached during the pulse.
Beam Waist Spot Size Focus	At the focus, the beam diameter reaches a minimum, often referred to as the spot size or beam waist diameter. Focusing a beam to a smaller spot size will increase the density in that spot and vice versa. It is important to apply the optimal amount of power or energy at the specified spot size. Too large or too small will affect the desired target location and may lead to some of the defects mentioned previously. Common spot size values for the industry vary from 0.2 µm - several mm and beyond.
Focal Plane Focal Distance	The focal plane of a non-collimated laser beam is generally where the beam is focused to its smallest spot size. The focal distance is the distance from the focusing lens along the axis of propagation to the focal plane and can vary depending on the presence of other optics: the laser source, focusing optics and possible beam shaping devices. The focal plane, in many cases, lines up exactly with the material surface or working plane, but may be offset, examples below: Nonlinear optics — focus in crystal High-intensity ultrafast experiments — focus on gases/thin targets Laser–matter studies — focus inside materials for creating plasma
Beam Shape	Common shapes: Gaussian (intensity or fluence steadily decrease moving radially outward from beam center) — assorted research Top hat or flat-top (uniform intensity or fluence across the beam, allowing a constant amount of energy to be applied over a larger area) Bessel — microscopy, propagation Airy beams — optical research Donut/vortex — quantum optics Beam profilers provide a quick and effective means to quantify the relative intensity distribution of a beam to verify beam shape.
Beam Propagation	Beam propagation is the behavior of a laser beam propagating through free space and is described by M² (beam quality), divergence and pointing. M² characterizes how close a power intensity profile is to a “Gaussian” beam, or standard bell shape, and can give a sense of how focused the beam is. Laser cutting is an example where a more focused beam is important, so lower M² values are desirable. M² = 1: Perfect Gaussian Beam M² near 1 (low M² values): Beams can be focused to small spot sizes and can also achieve better collimation M² > 1: Beams don’t focus as tightly, less Gaussian behavior Divergence describes the angle the beam diverges outward from the beam waist into the far field, much beyond the Rayleigh length. In contrast, divergence near zero is a way to confirm a beam is collimated, for example before being focused. This helps to ensure that once the beam is focused, it will be at the correct spot size and location. Pointing is the angle of laser beam propagation with respect to the optical axis. A pointing value of zero means it is perfectly aligned with the optical axis. It characterizes how much a laser stays on center as it gets farther from the laser source, including accuracy and precision. Pointing measurements support better beam alignment. Misalignments can be caused by thermal fluctuations in the environment or in the laser system of high power lasers, as well as due to attenuation and time.